Exacerbations, Health Resource Utilization, and Costs Among Medicare Beneficiaries with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treated with Nebulized Arformoterol Following a Respiratory Event

Background: Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABAs), with or without inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), delivered by handheld inhalers or nebulizers are recommended as maintenance therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study evaluated exacerbations, health resource utilization (HRU), and costs among Medicare beneficiaries with COPD on handheld ICS+LABA who switched to nebulized arformoterol (ARF) or continued ICS+LABA following a respiratory event.

Methods: Using Medicare claims, we identified beneficiaries with COPD (international classification of disease, 9th revision, clinical modification [ICD-9-CM] 490-492.xx, 494.xx, 496.xx) between 2010-2014 who had ≥ 1 year of continuous enrollment in Parts A, B, and D; ≥ 2 COPD-related outpatient visits ≥ 30 days apart or ≥ 1 hospitalization(s); ICS+LABA use 90-days before ARF initiation; and a respiratory event (COPD-related hospitalization or emergency department [ED] visit < 30 days before ARF initiation). Using propensity scores, 423 beneficiaries who switched to ARF were matched to 423 beneficiaries who continued on handheld ICS+LABA (controls). Difference-in-difference regression models examined outcomes at 180-days follow-up.

Results: Beneficiaries who switched to ARF had 1.5 fewer exacerbations (p=0.015) but no difference in hospitalizations and ED visits compared to controls. Durable medical equipment (DME) costs were higher among ARF users than controls ($1590), yet total health care costs were similar due to cost offsets by ARF in pharmacy (-$794), inpatient (-$524), and outpatient care (-$65). ARF accounted for 55% ($886.63) of DME costs, with the remaining costs attributed to oxygen therapy ($428.10) and nebulized corticosteroids ($590.85).

Conclusions: Switching from handheld ICS+LABA to nebulized ARF resulted in fewer COPD exacerbations among Medicare beneficiaries. Nebulized LABAs may improve outcomes in selected patients with COPD.