Evaluation and Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender Incongruent Adults

Nienke M Nota; Martin den Heijer; Louis J Gooren

Evaluation and Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender Incongruent Adults

Review

In: Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.

2019 Jul 21.

Authors

Nienke M Nota¹, Martin den Heijer², Louis J Gooren³

Book Editors

Kenneth R Feingold¹, Bradley Anawalt², Marc R Blackman³, Alison Boyce⁴, George Chrousos⁵, Emiliano Corpas⁶, Wouter W de Herder⁷, Ketan Dhatariya⁸, Kathleen Dungan⁹, Johannes Hofland¹⁰, Sanjay Kalra¹¹, Gregory Kaltsas¹², Nitin Kapoor¹³, Christian Koch¹⁴, Peter Kopp¹⁵, Márta Korbonits¹⁶, Christopher S Kovacs¹⁷, Wendy Kuohung¹⁸, Blandine Laferrère¹⁹, Miles Levy²⁰, Elizabeth A McGee²¹, Robert McLachlan²², Maria New²³, Jonathan Purnell²⁴, Rakesh Sahay²⁵, Amy S Shah²⁶, Frederick Singer²⁷, Mark A Sperling²⁸, Constantine A Stratakis²⁹, Dace L Trence³⁰, Don P Wilson³¹

Affiliations

¹ Clinical Researcher at the Gender Identity Clinic, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
² Professor in Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
³ Emeritus Professor in Transgender Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Book Affiliations

¹ Professor of Medicine Emeritus, University of California, San Francisco, CA
² Chief of Medicine at the University of Washington Medical Center and Professor and Vice Chair of the Department of Medicine, University of Washington
³ Sr. Physician Scientist, Washington DC VA Medical Center; Professor of Medicine & Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University; Clinical Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University; and Professor of Medicine (Part-time), Johns Hopkins University
⁴ Pediatric Endocrinologist and Associate Research Physician in the Skeletal Diseases and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health
⁵ Professor of Pediatrics and Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
⁶ M.D. Ph.D in Gerontology. Honorary Professor of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid. Consultant in Endocrinology, Hospital HLA Guadalajara (Spain).
⁷ Professor of Endocrine Oncology, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
⁸ Consultant in Diabetes, Endocrinology and General Medicine, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
⁹ Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Ohio State University
¹⁰ Consultant Endocrinologist, Erasmus MC and Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
¹¹ Consultant Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital, Karnal, India
¹² Professor of General Medicine-Endocrinology, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
¹³ Professor of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
¹⁴ Professor, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
¹⁵ Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
¹⁶ Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre Lead for Endocrinology and Deputy Institute Director, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
¹⁷ University Research Professor and Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Obstetrics & Gynecology, and BioMedical Sciences, at Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.
¹⁸ Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology at Boston Medical Center and an Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Boston University School of Medicine
¹⁹ Professor of Medicine, New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
²⁰ Consultant endocrinologist at University Hospitals of Leicester and Honorary Associate Professor at Leicester University
²¹ Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Vermont and Director of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Burlington, Vermont
²² Director of Clinical Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Consultant Endocrinologist, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
²³ Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and Chief of the Adrenal Steroid Disorders Program, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
²⁴ Professor of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute and the Division of Endocrinology, and Associate Director, Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition and Wellness, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
²⁵ Professor and Head of Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College and Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, India.
²⁶ Professor of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
²⁷ Director of the Endocrine/Bone Disease Program, Saint Johns Cancer Institute at Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA; Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
²⁸ Professorial Lecturer, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Emeritus Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh.
²⁹ CSO, ELPEN, Inc. & Director, Research Institute, Athens, Greece & Senior Investigator, Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, FORTH (ITE), Heraklion, Greece. Emeritus Scientific Director & Senior Investigator, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
³⁰ Professor of Medicine, Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
³¹ Endowed Chair, Cardiovascular Health and Risk Prevention, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX

PMID: 31343858
Bookshelf ID: NBK544426

Excerpt

Gender dysphoria refers to the suffering due to an incongruence between one’s sex assigned at birth and one’s self-perceived gender. Primary care physicians often play an important role in diagnosis and initiation of treatment of gender dysphoria. However, gender dysphoria is preferentially diagnosed by a specialized psychologist or psychiatrist. This does not imply that gender dysphoria in itself is a mental disorder, but co-morbidity needing attention, is frequently present. The prevalence of transgender people who receive medical treatment has steeply increased in the last decades. The current prevalence is estimated at 1:2,800 for transwomen (male sex assigned at birth, female gender identity) and 1:5,200 for transmen (female sex assigned at birth, male gender identity). Treatment of transgender people often includes gender-affirming hormonal therapy and/or surgery, and is optimally provided by a multidisciplinary team consisting of psychologists, endocrinologists, plastic surgeons, gynecologists, urologists, otorhinolaryngologists, and/or dermatologists. Medical treatment usually improves the quality of life of transgender people, but might also have side-effects such as increased risk for cardiovascular disease or hormone-sensitive tumors. There is still little known about the optimal therapy (for specific transgender subpopulations) and its long-term side-effects. Nowadays, guidelines are mainly based on clinical experience instead of evidence. However, transgender medicine is a growing field and the increasing number of good quality studies are helping to improve care of transgender people. In this contribution we mainly focus on what is known about the side-effects of hormonal therapy. In addition, we provide information about surgical and fertility preservation options for transgender people. We conclude this contribution with remarks about special conditions such as older age and unsupervised hormone use. For complete coverage of all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our on-line FREE web-text, WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG.

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