Rationale: The clinical manifestations in patients with bronchial tuberculosis (BTB) are nonspecific and may pose a great diagnostic challenge.
Patient concerns: Here we describe the case of a 57-year-old man presented with right chest pain, chest tightness, and discomfort for 2 days.
Diagnosis: Bronchoscopic biopsy was performed which revealed subepithelial and epithelioid cell granuloma of Langerhans cell structure. The definitive diagnosis was BTB with pleural effusion.
Interventions: Treatment with a quadruple combinational antituberculous therapy was initiated.
Outcomes: Two months later, the patient's chest distress and discomfort significantly decreased. Repeat chest radiograph revealed that the pleural fluid had been absorbed. The patient recovered after 15 months of antituberculosis treatment.
Lessons: The patient exemplifies the difficulty of diagnosing BTB, particularly the low reliability of imaging modalities. The diagnosis of BTB currently relies on bronchoscopy as well as bacteriological or pathological evidence. This report will help to lower the incidences of misdiagnosis of this disease.