1 INSERM, IAME-UMR 1137, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
2 Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
3 Critical Care Department and Infection Control Committee, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre-PPG Ciencias Pneumologias, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
4 Rede Institucional de Pesquisa e Inovação em Medicina Intensiva, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
5 Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpital de la Source, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France. francois.barbier@chr-orleans.fr.