The Presence of Diabetes and Higher HbA1c Are Independently Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Surgery

Diabetes Care. 2018 Jun;41(6):1172-1179. doi: 10.2337/dc17-2304. Epub 2018 Mar 26.

Abstract

Objective: Limited studies have examined the association between diabetes and HbA1c with postoperative outcomes. We investigated the association of diabetes, defined categorically, and the association of HbA1c as a continuous measure, with postoperative outcomes.

Research design and methods: In this prospective, observational study, we measured the HbA1c of surgical inpatients age ≥54 years at a tertiary hospital between May 2013 and January 2016. Patients were diagnosed with diabetes if they had preexisting diabetes or an HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or with prediabetes if they had an HbA1c between 5.7 and 6.4% (39 and 48 mmol/mol). Patients with an HbA1c <5.7% (39 mmol/mol) were categorized as having normoglycemia. Baseline demographic and clinical data were obtained from hospital records, and patients were followed for 6 months. Random-effects logistic and negative binomial regression models were used for analysis, treating surgical units as random effects. We undertook classification and regression tree (CART) analysis to design a 6-month mortality risk model.

Results: Of 7,565 inpatients, 30% had diabetes, and 37% had prediabetes. After adjusting for age, Charlson comorbidity index (excluding diabetes and age), estimated glomerular filtration rate, and length of surgery, diabetes was associated with increased 6-month mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.29 [95% CI 1.05-1.58]; P = 0.014), major complications (1.32 [1.14-1.52]; P < 0.001), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (1.50 [1.28-1.75]; P < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (1.67 [1.32-2.10]; P < 0.001), and hospital length of stay (LOS) (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 1.08 [95% CI 1.04-1.12]; P < 0.001). Each percentage increase in HbA1c was associated with increased major complications (aOR 1.07 [1.01-1.14]; P = 0.030), ICU admission (aOR 1.14 [1.07-1.21]; P < 0.001), and hospital LOS (aIRR 1.05 [1.03-1.06]; P < 0.001). CART analysis confirmed a higher risk of 6-month mortality with diabetes in conjunction with other risk factors.

Conclusions: Almost one-third of surgical inpatients age ≥54 years had diabetes. Diabetes and higher HbA1c were independently associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes after surgery.

Publication types

  • Observational Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Diabetes Complications / blood
  • Diabetes Complications / epidemiology
  • Diabetes Mellitus / blood*
  • Diabetes Mellitus / epidemiology*
  • Female
  • Glycated Hemoglobin / analysis
  • Glycated Hemoglobin / metabolism*
  • Hospitalization / statistics & numerical data
  • Humans
  • Inpatients
  • Intensive Care Units
  • Length of Stay / statistics & numerical data
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Postoperative Complications / blood
  • Postoperative Complications / epidemiology*
  • Postoperative Period
  • Prediabetic State / blood
  • Prediabetic State / epidemiology
  • Risk Factors
  • Surgical Procedures, Operative / adverse effects*
  • Surgical Procedures, Operative / statistics & numerical data*

Substances

  • Glycated Hemoglobin A