Recent studies have demonstrated that dinitrogen fixation can be important in nutrient-rich coastal upwelling regions. During a cruise to the Taiwan Strait in summer 2015, we found that the nitrogen fixation rate in surface waters ranged from below detection limits to 7.51 nmol N L-1 d-1. Higher rates accompanied by low N:P ratios (1-10.4:1) associated with low temperatures occurred in the surface water where the Pingtan and the Dongshan upwelling regions met (the NE area). In contrast, insignificant rates were observed in the southwest area of the Dongshan upwelling region (the SW area) with sufficient N and deficient P, and therefore high N:P ratios (e.g., >43 at station C2) due largely to the influence of the Pearl River plume. Diatom-associated symbionts (het-1; 104-106 copies L-1) that are efficient in organic matter export were found to dominate the other diazotrophic groups that were surveyed, which may represent a direct relationship between new nitrogen input and export in the upwelling regions. Our results suggest a hydrographical influence on the diazotroph community and N2 fixation in coastal upwelling regions.