To date lung adenocarcinoma (LAC) is the most common type of lung cancer. Numerous studies on LAC biology resulted in identification of crucial mutations in protooncogenes and activating neoplastic transformation pathways. Therapeutic approaches that significantly increase the survival rate of patients with LAC of different etiology have been developed and introduced into clinical practice. However, the main problem in the treatment of LAC is early diagnosis, taking into account both factors and mechanisms responsible in tumor initiation and progression. Identification of a wide biomarker repertoire with high specificity and reliability of detection appears to be a solution to this problem. In this context, proteins with differential expression in normal and pathological condition, suitable for detection in biological fluids are the most promising biomarkers. In this review we have analyzed literature data on studies aimed at search of LAC biomarkers. The major attention has been paid to protein biomarkers as the most promising and convenient subject of clinical diagnosis. The review also summarizes existing knowledge on posttranslational modifications, splice variants, isoforms, as well as model systems and transcriptome changes in LAC.
Na segodniashniĭ den' naibolee rasprostranennym tipom raka legkikh iavliaetsia adenokartsinoma (AKL). V rezul'tate mnogochislennykh issledovaniĭ prirody dannogo zabolevaniia byli ustanovleny osnovnye mutatsii v onkogenakh, aktiviruiushchie signal'nye puti opukholevoĭ transformatsii kletok. Razrabotany i vvedeny v praktiku terapevticheskie podkhody v lechenii patsientov s AKL razlichnoĭ étiologii, sushchestvenno povysivshie ikh vyzhivaemost'. Odnako glavnoĭ problemoĭ v lechenii AKL iavliaetsia ranniaia diagnostika, uchityvaiushchaia vse mnogoobrazie mekhanizmov vozniknoveniia i razvitiia opukholi. Reshenie dannoĭ zadachi mozhet byt' sviazano s vyiavleniem shirokogo kruga biomarkerov, kharakterizuiushchikhsia vysokoĭ spetsifichnost'iu i nadezhnost'iu detektsii. Naibolee perspektivnymi markerami, ochevidno, iavliaiutsia belki, differentsial'no ékspressiruemye v norme i patologii i detektiruemye v biologicheskikh zhidkostiakh. Poslednee osobenno vazhno dlia maloinvazivnykh metodov diagnostiki, primeniaemykh na rannikh étapakh zabolevaniia. V dannoĭ rabote proveden analiz literaturnykh dannykh, posviashchennykh poisku biomarkerov AKL s ispol'zovaniem shirokogo spektra podkhodov i metodov issledovaniia. Osnovnoĭ aktsent sdelan na markerakh belkovogo proiskhozhdeniia, poskol'ku imenno oni iavliaiutsia perspektivnymi i udobnymi ob"ektami v klinicheskoĭ diagnostike. Privedeny rezul'taty issledovaniĭ post-transliatsionnykh modifikatsiĭ, splaĭs-variantov, izoform, a takzhe model'nykh sistem i izmeneniĭ transkriptoma pri AKL.
Keywords: diagnosis; lung adenocarcinoma; markers; mass-spectrometry; proteins; proteomic methods.