Objective: Given its rarity, the management of primary upper extremity deep vein thrombosis is controversial. Although anticoagulation alone is commonly advocated for its treatment, it is unclear if this will reduce the risk of developing post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). The aim of this "Evidence Driven" Clinical Scenario is to evaluate whether more aggressive treatments (including catheter directed thrombolysis or surgery) might help reduce the risk of PTS or recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with primary upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Methods: An electronic systematic review of Ovid MEDLINE and Embase was conducted. Randomised controlled trials and observational studies were eligible. The primary outcome was PTS.
Results: The initial search identified 146 articles, and 36 more were identified during a secondary search. In total, 25 studies, reporting the outcome of 1271 patients, were included. None of the studies included was a randomised controlled trial and the large majority of studies were retrospective cohorts. The use of anticoagulation alone was associated with a significant risk of PTS. In patients treated with surgery with or without thrombolysis the incidence of PTS was significantly reduced.
Conclusion: Current evidence, albeit with some methodological limitations, suggests that anticoagulation may not be sufficient to prevent PTS in patients with primary upper extremity DVT and that surgery with or without thrombolysis to repair the anatomical defects is needed.
Keywords: Deep vein thrombosis; Post-thrombotic syndrome; Surgery; Thrombolysis; Upper extremity.
Copyright © 2017 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.