BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NPP) arises from a lesion or dysfunction of the somatosensory nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in NPP development. This study aimed to investigate the effects of miR-128 on microglial cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS We established a compressive spinal cord injury (SCI) model and collected the spinal cord segment-derived conditioned medium (CM). We then measured the expression of miR-128 in the murine microglial cell line BV2 treated with CM-SCI or CM obtained from control (CM-NC). Furthermore, lentivirus production of miR-128 and scrambled control were transfected into BV2 cells, which were first treated with CM-SCI or CM-NC. Moreover, the effects of miR-128 on cell viability, M1/M2 microglial gene expression, inflammatory cytokines concentration, and the protein expression of P38 and phosphorylated P38 (P-P38) were investigated. RESULTS The expression of miR-128 was downregulated in murine microglial BV2 cells treated with CM-SCI. Overexpression of miR-128 markedly promoted the viability of murine microglial cells. In addition, miR-128 overexpression significantly decreased the expression levels of microglial M1 phenotypic markers CD86 and CD32, and increased the expression levels of M2 phenotypic markers Arg1 and CD206. Furthermore, miR-128 overexpression obviously decreased the concentration of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. We found that miR-128 overexpression significantly downregulated the expression levels of P38 andP-P38. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that down-regulation of miR-128 in murine microglial cells may contribute to the development of NPP following SCI via activation of P38. MiR-128 may be a potential intervention target for NPP.