Acute and chronic effects of magnetic microparticles potentially used in lake restoration on Daphnia magna and Chironomus sp

Magnetic microparticles (MPs) have been recently proposed as a new and promising tool for restoring eutrophicated waters. In this study, we analyzed the acute (immobilization) and chronic effects of iron (Fe) MPs on Daphnia magna and on the benthic macroinvertebrate Chironomus sp. In the chronic toxicity tests the offspring production (male and female) in D. magna and the mortality of larvae and pupae, and adult emergence in Chironomus sp. experiments were used as the endpoints. The concentration of MPs that caused 50% of immobilized individuals (EC₅₀) in the acute toxicity test was much higher in D. magna (0.913g MPs l^-1) than in Chironomus sp. (0.445g MPs l^-1). The results of chronic toxicity tests in D. magna showed that in presence of dissolved Fe (dFe), parthenogenetic reproduction was significantly affected, while no significant effect on mortality of larvae and pupae and on adult emergence was detected in Chironomus sp. test. Taking into account both that long-term exposure is not likely to occur and the regular dose of MPs potentially used in a restoration plan, we conclude that MPs is a riskless (no toxic effect on planktonic and benthic organisms) and efficient (high P adsorption capacity) tool for lake restoration.