1 Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
2 Departments of Anesthesia and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michael DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and the Perioperative Research Group, Hamilton, ON, Canada.