In human temporal bones of patients with normal hearing or sensory neural deafness, the cochlear neurons were quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated at the level of the osseous spiral lamina, the spiral ganglion and the cochlear nerve. We found from 32,000 to 31,000 myelinated nerve fibres in the cochlear nerve of normal hearing individuals and any lower number in cases of sensory neural deafness. There was in general a good correspondence between the counted numbers of the myelinated nerve fibres in the osseous spiral lamina, the spiral ganglion cells and the myelinated nerve fibres in the cochlear nerve in the inner acoustic meatus. The diameter of the peripheral axons of the type I neurons are about half the diameter of the central axons. The average diameter of the central axons is 2.5 millimicrons with a narrow distribution in children, but an increasingly larger range of fiber calibers with increasing age (0.5 to 7 microns in the 40 to 50 year age group adults).