[Structural congenital myopathies]

Rev Neurol. 2013 Sep 6:57 Suppl 1:S53-64.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

Introduction: Congenital myopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases that share clinical early onset and specific hystopathological alterations in muscle. Genetic studies allow to determine the causative mutation in most cases. Genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity exists, which is illustrated by noting that a genotype can be expressed in more than one clinicopathologic way and a phenotype may be caused by different genetic mutations.

Development: In this review we detail the characteristics of major congenital myopathies that allow clinical, pathological and genetic identification. We describe the findings of muscle biopsy that are the mainstay diagnosis. We emphasize and detail the importance of differential diagnosis by ruling out other diseases that present with hypotonia in infancy or neonatal period. We highlight the severe neonatal forms (nemaline, X-linked myotubular) to be identified early to establish prognosis and provide appropriate genetic counseling. We emphasize mutations of ryanodine gene (RYR1) through its association with malignant hyperthermia and mutations of selenoprotein 1 (SEPN1) and nemaline by its association with nocturnal hypoventilation.

Conclusions: The deep knowledge of structural congenital myopathies facilitates diagnostic confirmation of congenital myopathy, allowing the timely implementation of measures related to breathing and feeding in more severe cases and the optimization of motor function in all patients with myopathy congenital.

Title: Miopatias estructurales congenitas.

Introduccion. Las miopatias congenitas son un grupo heterogeneo de enfermedades que comparten clinica de inicio precoz y alteraciones histopatologicas musculares especificas. El estudio genetico permite determinar la mutacion causal en la mayoria de los casos. Existe heterogeneidad fenotipica y genotipica, lo que se ilustra al observar que un genotipo puede expresarse en mas de una forma clinicopatologica y un fenotipo puede estar causado por diferentes mutaciones geneticas. Desarrollo. En esta revision, se detallan las caracteristicas de las principales miopatias congenitas que permiten su identificacion clinica, patologica y genetica. Se describen los hallazgos de la biopsia muscular que constituyen el principal pilar diagnostico. Se enfatiza y se detalla la importancia del diagnostico diferencial, descartando otras patologias que se presentan con hipotonia en la lactancia o el periodo neonatal. Se destacan las formas neonatales graves (nemalinica, miotubular ligada al X) que se deben identificar precozmente para establecer el pronostico y brindar un consejo genetico adecuado. Se subrayan las mutaciones del gen rianodina (RYR1) por su asociacion a la hipertermia maligna y las mutaciones de la selenoproteina 1 (SEPN1) y la miopatia nemalinica por su asociacion a hipoventilacion nocturna. Conclusiones. El conocimiento profundo de las miopatias estructurales congenitas facilita la confirmacion diagnostica de la miopatia congenita, lo que permite la aplicacion oportuna de medidas relacionadas con la respiracion y la alimentacion de los casos mas graves y con la optimizacion de la funcion motora en todos los pacientes con miopatia congenita.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / genetics
  • Genes, Dominant
  • Genes, Recessive
  • Genotype
  • Humans
  • Infant
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Muscle Proteins / genetics
  • Muscle, Skeletal / pathology
  • Myopathies, Nemaline / genetics
  • Myopathies, Structural, Congenital* / classification
  • Myopathies, Structural, Congenital* / diagnosis
  • Myopathies, Structural, Congenital* / genetics
  • Myopathies, Structural, Congenital* / pathology
  • Myopathy, Central Core / genetics
  • Nuclear Proteins / genetics
  • Phenotype
  • Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / genetics
  • Selenoproteins / genetics
  • Tropomyosin / genetics
  • Tumor Suppressor Proteins / genetics

Substances

  • Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
  • BIN1 protein, human
  • KBTBD13 protein, human
  • Muscle Proteins
  • Nuclear Proteins
  • Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel
  • SELENON protein, human
  • Selenoproteins
  • TPM3 protein, human
  • Tropomyosin
  • Tumor Suppressor Proteins