Chloroacetamides are used as pre-emergent substances for growth control of annual grasses and weeds. Since they can be harmful for crop plants, protective compounds (safeners) are used along with herbicides. So far, their effects on human blood cells have not been evaluated, and this study is the very first one devoted to this subject. We examined the harmful effects of chloroacetamides, their metabolites and safeners, used alone or in combination with herbicides, on human erythrocytes measuring the extent of hemolysis, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity. Higher impact of herbicides than their metabolites on all of the investigated parameters was found. Safeners alone did not produce any damage to erythrocytes and did not elicit any changes in oxidative stress parameters. Combination of safener with herbicide did not attenuate hemolysis of erythrocytes compared to the herbicide alone. Safeners reduced lipid peroxidation induced by herbicides, which suggest the role of safeners as antioxidants.
Keywords: 2,6-diethylaniline; 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide; 2-chloro-N-(2-methyl-6 ethylphenyl)acetamide; 2-methyl-6-ethylaniline; ABC transporter; ATP-binding cassette transporter; Acetochlor; Alachlor; CD; CDEPA; CMEPA; Catalase activity; DEA; Erythrocyte hemolysis; GSH; GST; LPO; Lipid peroxidation; MDA; MDR1; MEA; MEL; MRP1; N-acetyl-l-cysteine; NAC; ROS; Safeners; TBA; TBARS; TCA; TSH; UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; UDPGT; USEPA; United States Environmental Protection Agency; conjugated dienes; glutathion; glutathione-S-transferase; lipid peroxidation; malondialdehyde; melatonin; multidrug resistance transporter; multidrug-resistance protein; reactive oxygen species; thiobarbituric acid; thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; thyroid-stimulating hormone; trichloroacetic acid.
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