Aminothienopyridazines and methylene blue affect Tau fibrillization via cysteine oxidation

J Biol Chem. 2013 Apr 19;288(16):11024-37. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.436006. Epub 2013 Feb 26.

Abstract

Alzheimer disease and several other neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the accumulation of intraneuronal fibrils comprised of the protein Tau. Tau is normally a soluble protein that stabilizes microtubules, with splice isoforms that contain either three (3-R) or four (4-R) microtubule binding repeats. The formation of Tau fibrils is thought to result in neuronal damage, and inhibitors of Tau fibrillization may hold promise as therapeutic agents. The process of Tau fibrillization can be replicated in vitro, and a number of small molecules have been identified that inhibit Tau fibril formation. However, little is known about how these molecules affect Tau fibrillization. Here, we examined the mechanism by which the previously described aminothieno pyridazine (ATPZ) series of compounds inhibit Tau fibrillization. Active ATPZs were found to promote the oxidation of the two cysteine residues within 4-R Tau by a redox cycling mechanism, resulting in the formation of a disulfide-containing compact monomer that was refractory to fibrillization. Moreover, the ATPZs facilitated intermolecular disulfide formation between 3-R Tau monomers, leading to dimers that were capable of fibrillization. The ATPZs also caused cysteine oxidation in molecules unrelated to Tau. Interestingly, methylene blue, an inhibitor of Tau fibrillization under evaluation in Alzheimer disease clinical trials, caused a similar oxidation of cysteines in Tau and other molecules. These findings reveal that the ATPZs and methylene blue act by a mechanism that may affect their viability as potential therapeutic agents.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Alzheimer Disease / drug therapy
  • Alzheimer Disease / metabolism
  • Cysteine / chemistry*
  • Cysteine / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Methylene Blue / chemistry*
  • Multiprotein Complexes / chemistry*
  • Multiprotein Complexes / metabolism
  • Oxidation-Reduction
  • tau Proteins / chemistry*
  • tau Proteins / genetics
  • tau Proteins / metabolism

Substances

  • MAPT protein, human
  • Multiprotein Complexes
  • tau Proteins
  • Cysteine
  • Methylene Blue