(A) Administration of 20 ng/ml BMP4, 20 ng/ml FGF2, and 5 nM GSK3iXV to definitive endoderm resulted in hindgut differentiation with CDX2 expression, and minimal NKX2.1 induction. Scale bar, 50 μm.
(B) Definitive endoderm was treated with different combinations of BMP4/TGFβ agonists and antagonists as listed in the table for 2 days. The Foxa2+/Sox2+ cells were quantified as a percentage of positive cells out of the total number of Foxa2+ cells. The cells were further treated with 20 ng/ml BMP4, 20 ng/ml FGF2, and 5 nM GSK3iXV to induce NKX2.1 expression. The percentage of Nkx2.1+ cells was quantified as a percentage of the total cells present. All data were averaged from three independent experiments.
(C) Representative immunofluorescence staining showing Foxa2+ and Sox2+ double positive cells after 2 days of treatment with 500 nM A-83-01. Scale bar, 100 μm.
(D) Representative immunofluorescence staining showing NKX2.1 induction from A-83-01 treated endoderm cells after BMP4/FGF2/GSK3iXV treatment for 2 days. Scale bar, 100 μm.

(A) Immunofluorescence staining for FOXA2, TUJ1, and PAX8 showing that Nkx2.1+ cells are positive for endodermal marker FOXA2, negative for neuro-ectodermal marker TUJ1 (white arrow), and negative for thyroid marker PAX8. Scale bar, 50 μm.
(B) Nkx2.1+ cells were proliferative as demonstrated by costaining for KI67. Scale bar, 100 μm.
(C) Representative immunofluorescence staining showing subpopulations of Nkx2.1+ cells are positive for SOX2 (an airway progenitor marker) and FOXP2/SOX9 (multipotent lung progenitor marker). Scale bar, 100 μm.

(A) Schematic strategy and time frame to generate Nkx2.1+ cells from foregut endoderm cells.
(B) NKX2.1 induction using various combinations of BMP4, FGF2, WNT, and their antagonists.
(C) NKX2.1 percentage was scored as the number of Nkx2.1+ cells out of the total cell number, average of three independent experiments.

(A) NKX2.1 induction with 20 ng/ml FGF2 and 5 nM GSK3iXV only (control) or with additional BMP4 (20 ng/ml), BMP2 (20 ng/ml), BMP7 (20 ng/ml), BMP4 (20 ng/ml) + 10 μM Dorsomorphin, or BMP4 (20 ng/ml) + 1 μM PD98059. Scale bar, 100 μm.
(B) BMP signaling through SMAD-dependent pathways is required for lung Nkx2.1+ differentiation. In contrast, signaling through the MAP kinase pathway is not required for Nkx2.1 expression. Dorsomorphin inhibits BMP signaling through the SMAD pathway while PD98059 inhibits MAPK signaling.

(A) Schematic strategy and time line to generate embryonic airway progenitors from multipotent lung endoderm cells.
(B) Summary of signaling switches that are distinct in the proximal airway and the distal lung bud tip during the pseudoglandular stage of lung development.
(C) Left panel: NKX2.1 and SOX2 staining after treatment of Nkx2.1+ lung endoderm cells at D9 with medium containing RA-supplemented B27, 20 ng/ml BMP7, 20 ng/ml FGF7, 100 nM IWR-1 (WNT antagonist), and 100 ng/ml Noggin for 2 days. Right panel: NKX2.1 and SOX2 staining after treatment of Nkx2.1+ lung endoderm cells at D9 with medium containing RA-supplemented B27, 20 ng/ml BMP7, 20 ng/ml FGF7, 100 nM IWR-1 (WNT antagonist), and 1 μM PD98059 for 2 days. Scale bar, 50 μm.
(D) Immunofluorescence staining showing a subpopulation of Nkx2.1+ cells positive for P63 (closed arrows). Scale bar, 25 μm.

(A) Schematic strategy and time line to differentiate ESC-derived embryonic airway progenitors.
(B) Immunofluorescence staining showing that some Nkx2.1+ cells are positive for SOX2. Scale bar, 100 μm.
(C) Immunofluorescence staining showing differentiation of ESC-derived Nkx2.1+ cells into p63+ airway basal stem cells, CC10+ Clara cells, FoxJ1+ ciliated cells, and Muc5ac+ goblet cells. The arrow points to a representative positive cell for each category. Scale bar, 100 μm.
(D) Confocal imaging showing differentiation of various airway epithelial cells. Scale bar, 100 μm.

(A) Schematic strategy and time line to generate Nkx2.1+ lung multipotent progenitors from human iPSCs.
(B) High yield of definitive endoderm from CF1 RiPSCs was obtained after treatment for 4 days in RPMI-1640 medium in the presence of 2% B27 supplement, Activin A (100 ng/ml), and 5 μM PI3 Kinase inhibitor LY294002 with more than 90% of cells coexpressing transcription factors SOX17 and FOXA2. Scale bar, 200 μm.
(C) Anteriorization of endoderm into foregut endoderm cells with SOX2 expression in Foxa2+ cells derived from CF1 RiPSCs after 4 days of treatment with 500 nM A-83-01 (TGFβ antagonist) and 100 ng/ml Noggin (BMP4 antagonist). Scale bar, 100 μm.
(D) Left panel: NKX2.1 staining after anteriorization to foregut cells at D8 with serum-free medium containing 20 ng/ml BMP4, 20 ng/ml FGF2, and 5 nM GSK3iXV for 4 days. Scale bar, 100 μm. Right panel: costaining of Nkx2.1-positive cells with SOX2, SOX9, TUJ1 (arrows), and PAX8 demonstrated a lack of thyroid and neuronal differentiation and the presence of multipotent distal tip progenitors and Nkx2.1+/Sox2+ airway progenitors. Scale bar, 50 μm.
(E). Confocal image after immunofluorescence staining showing that some Nkx2.1+ spheres contain basal cells positive for p63. Scale bar, 40 μm.