Untargeted metabolomics identifies the dysregulation of sphingomyelin-ceramide metabolism in the ipsilateral dorsal horn during chronic neuropathic pain. (a) Distribution of the 733 statistically significant molecular features (p<0.01) with changes greater than 2 fold that are altered in TNT relative to sham animals 21 days after injury (n=7 animals per group). The distribution of changes is: 94% ipsilateral dorsal horn (blue), 1% contralateral dorsal horn (purple), 2% ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (yellow), 1% ipsilateral tibial nerve (green), and 2% plasma (grey). (b) The sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway, highlighting metabolites determined to be dysregulated. (c) Box-and-Whisker plots of altered sphingomyelin-ceramide metabolites in the ipsilateral dorsal horn after TNT. The intensities represent ion counts from extracted ion chromatograms. (d) Tandem mass spectra from DMS standard and m/z 328.321 from the dorsal horn show the same fragments and relative intensities.

N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS) elicits neuropathic pain behavior and cytokine release. (a) Immunohistochemistry of the dorsal horn of rats intrathecally administered DMS at 0.25 μg/Kg (left) and vehicle (right) and stained with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP) and a Alexa fluor 488 anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (green). Increased GFAP staining, a marker of astrocyte activation, is seen in the dorsal horn of DMS-treated rats relative to vehicle controls. (b) ELISAs of IL-1β and MCP-1 released into the supernatant of astrocyte cultures treated with DMS or vehicle. Cultures treated with 0.1 μM of DMS show a significant increase in IL-1β and MCP-1 release relative to vehicle controls. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, with n=3 cultures per group. (c) Comparison of S1P levels in the dorsal horn of rats intrathecally administered DMS at 1.6 μg/Kg and vehicle control. S1P was measured by selective reaction monitoring triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ). S1P levels between the groups are not statistically different (n=4 animals per group). S1P levels are represented as fmol per mg of spinal cord tissue. (d) Comparison of S1P levels in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of sham control animals relative to animals suffering from TNT 21 days after injury. S1P levels between the groups are not statistically different (n=7 animals per group). S1P levels are represented as fmol per mg of spinal cord tissue.