Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) is common, costly, and potentially lethal. Whether initiatives to reduce HAI-such as the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) no payment rule-have increased the use of preventive practices is not known.

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the use of infection prevention practices by U.S. hospitals and trends in use between 2005 and 2009.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:

Surveys of infection preventionists at non-federal general medical/surgical hospitals and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals, which are not subject to the CMS no payment rule, in 2005 and 2009.

MAIN MEASURES:

Percent of hospitals using practices to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI).

KEY RESULTS:

Survey response was approximately 70%. More than 1/2 of non-federal hospitals reported a moderate or large increase in CLABSI, VAP and CAUTI prevention as a facility priority due to the non-payment rule; over 60% of VA hospitals reported no change in priority. However, both non-federal and VA hospitals reported significant increases in use of most practices to prevent CLABSI, VAP and CAUTI from 2005 to 2009, with 90% or more using certain practices to prevent CLABSI and VAP in 2009. In contrast, only one CAUTI prevention practice was used by at least 50% of hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS:

Since 2005, use of key practices to prevent CLABSI, VAP and CAUTI has increased in non-federal and VA hospitals, suggesting that despite its perceived importance, the non-payment rule may not be the primary driver. Moreover, while 65% of non-federal hospitals reported a moderate or large increase in preventing CAUTI as a facility priority, prevention practice use remains low.