Activation of quiescent stellate cells. Ach, acetylcholine; Aldh, aldehyde dehydrogenase; Bcrp1, breakpoint cluster region pseudogene 1; CD34, bluster of differentiation molecule-34; Coll, collagen; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; ECM, extracellular matrix; EMT, epithelial mesenchymal transition; ET-1, endothelin-1; FGF, fibroblast-growth-factor; GFAP, glial fibrillar acidic protein; ICAM-1, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1; IL1, Interleukin-1; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; IL6, interleukin-6; IL8, interleukin-8; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; NGF, nerve growth factor; ox. stres, oxidative stress; p75NTR, p75 neurotrophin receptor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PDGF-R, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; PSC, pancreatic stellate cells; RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted also known as CCL5; rER, rough endoplasmic reticulum; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor beta-1; TGFβ-R, transforming growth factor beta receptor; TIMPs, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

Interactions of pancreatic stellate cells with neighbouring cells in their microenvironment. Ach, acetylcholine; AM, adrenomedullin; CC, cancer cells; Coll, collagen; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; EC, endothelial cells; ECM, extracellular metrix; EGF, epidermal growth factor; EMMPRIN, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer also known as Basigin or CD147; ET-1, endothelin-1; FGF, fibroblast-growth-factor; GAL-3, galactoside-binding, soluble, 3; GNDF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IL1, interleukin-1; IL8, interleukin-8; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; NGF, nerve growth factor; NO, nitric oxide; PSC, pancreatic stellate cells; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PEDF, pigment epithelium derived factor; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor beta-1; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; TSP1, thrombospondin 1; uPA, urokinase-type plasminogen activator; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.