The molecular mechanism of autophagy and its role in cell death and survival. Autophagy is mediated through mTOR- and Beclin-1-dependent pathways. The effects of autophagy on cell death are highlighted in blue and the effect of autophagy on cell survival is highlighted in red. Synthetic inhibitors are highlighted in yellow. Auto-phagosomes are highlighted in blue. Abbreviations: AKT, protein kinase B; BAD, Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter; BCL-2, B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2; BCL-XL, B-cell leukemia/lymphoma XL; BIF1, Endophilin B1; FIP200, focal adhesion kinase family-interacting protein of 200 kD; IL-3, interleukin 3; IL-3R, interleukin 3 receptor; IKK, I kappa beta kinase; JNK1, jun NH2-terminal kinase 1;MTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NFkB, nuclear factor kappa beta; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; TNFa, tumor necrosis factor a; TRAIL-RI, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1; TRAIL-R2, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1; ULK1, unc-51-like kinase 1; UVRAG, UV radiation resistance-associated gene protein.

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis. The extrinsic pathway is highlighted in blue and the intrinsic pathway is highlighted in green. Synthetic inhibitors are highlighted in yellow. Abbreviations: Apaf-1, apoptotic protease activating factor 1; Casp, caspase; BAK, BCL-2 homologous antagonist/killer; BAX, BCL-2-associated X protein; BCL-2, B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2; BCL-XL, B-cell leukemia/lymphoma XL; CytC, cytochrome C; DIABLO, direct IAP binding protein with low PI; FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain; FLIP, FLICE-like inhibitory protein; TNFa, tumor necrosis factor a; TRAIL-RI, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1; TRAIL-R2, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1; SMAC, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases; XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein.

The molecular mechanism of necrosis. Drug treatment that results in DNA damage is highlighted in yellow. Abbreviations: ATP, adenosine triphosphate; FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain; JNK1, jun NH2-terminal kinase 1; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; PARP-1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; RIP1, receptor interacting protein 1; RIP3, receptor interacting protein 3; TNFa, tumor necrosis factor a; TRADD, tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain protein; TRAIL-RI, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1; TRAIL-R2, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 1.