Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the most widely used reproductive technologies, and there is considerably interest in commercializing this technology in camels. Storage of semen extender frozen (at -20 °C) is of considerable interest to scientists working with camels, as transportation of diluents at refrigeration temperature is not always possible given the hot, arid and remote conditions that dromedary camels exist in. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the fertility of fresh camel semen, after dilution in fresh or frozen-thawed green buffer (GB), after AI into single and multiple ovulating female camels. No differences were observed in any sperm characteristics (motility, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity or morphology) when semen was diluted in fresh or frozen-thawed GB (p>0.05). Sperm motility was increased by dilution (fresh: 70.7 ± 4.9% and frozen: 68.8 ± 3.1%) compared with the motility of sperm in neat semen (35 ± 2.85%; p<0.05), and sperm motility changed from oscillatory to forward progressive after dilution. Pregnancy rates were higher (p<0.05) for single ovulating camels inseminated with semen diluted in fresh (72.7%) compared with frozen-thawed GB (27.3%), and fertilization rates were also higher (p<0.05) for multiple ovulating camels inseminated with semen diluted in fresh (83.3%) compared with frozen-thawed GB (11.1%). These results clearly demonstrate the detrimental effect of freezing and thawing semen diluent on the fertility of fresh camel semen. However, further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism responsible for this reduction in fertility. Moreover, these results demonstrate that the fertility of fresh camel semen diluted in fresh GB is high enough to be considered commercially viable.
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