Neale BM, Medland S, Ripke S, Anney RJ, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Gill M, Kent L, Holmans P, Middleton F, Thapar A, Lesch KP, Faraone SV, Ripke S, Medland S, Anney RJ, Daly M, Nguyen TT, Schäfer H, Neale BM, Middleton F, Steinhausen HC, Lesch KP, Reif A, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Romanos J, Warnke A, Walitza S, Nguyen TT, Schäfer H, Freitag C, Meyer J, Palmason H, Rothenberger A, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Gill M, Anney RJ, Hawi Z, Thapar A, Kent L, Sergeant J, Roeyers H, Asherson P, Mick E, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Neale BM.
Source
Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusettes General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
Although twin and family studies have shown attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to be highly heritable, genetic variants influencing the trait at a genome-wide significant level have yet to be identified. Thus additional genomewide association studies (GWAS) are needed.
METHOD:
We used case-control analyses of 896 cases with DSM-IV ADHD genotyped using the Affymetrix 5.0 array and 2,455 repository controls screened for psychotic and bipolar symptoms genotyped using Affymetrix 6.0 arrays. A consensus SNP set was imputed using BEAGLE 3.0, resulting in an analysis dataset of 1,033,244 SNPs. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model.
RESULTS:
No genome-wide significant associations were found. The most significant results implicated the following genes: PRKG1, FLNC, TCERG1L, PPM1H, NXPH1, PPM1H, CDH13, HK1, and HKDC1.
CONCLUSIONS:
The current analyses are a useful addition to the present literature and will make a valuable contribution to future meta-analyses. The candidate gene findings are consistent with a prior meta-analysis in suggesting that the effects of ADHD risk variants must, individually, be very small and/or include multiple rare alleles.
2010 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.