Integrin receptors that mediate tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis through a complex network of signaling pathways are known to be expressed on the surface of cancerous tumor cells and neovasculature (1-3). Because of their role in tumor development and progression, inhibition of integrin receptor activity is being actively investigated in clinical trials for the
In an effort to develop imaging agents for the detection of integrin receptors expressed on tumor cell surface and neovasculature, Kimura et al. (14) used the directed evolution technique (15, 16) to place the integrin-binding RGD motif into a cystine knot peptide (also known as knottin) trypsin inhibitor of the squash plant (Ecballium elaterium) (17). The peptide was reported to have a high affinity for the αvβ3 and αvβ5 or the αvβ3, αvβ5, and α5β1 integrin receptors. In general, knottins have a core structure containing a disulfide bond, are resistant to proteolysis, have a high thermodynamic stability, and are nonimmunogenic (14). The knottin peptide containing an RGD motif (designated as knottin 2.5F) was labeled with radioactive copper (64Cu) to obtain [64Cu]knottin 2.5F (64Cu-1,4,7,10-tetra-azacyclododecane-N,N’,N’’,N’’’-tetraacetic acid-2.5F (64Cu-DOTA-2.5F)) and used to image xenograft tumors in mice with positron emission tomography (PET). It is pertinent to mention here that the amino acid sequence and structure of knottins 2.5D and 2.5F (also studied by Kimura et. al. (14)) are discussed elsewhere (14).