The neurovascular unit is constituted by endothelial cells, myocytes, neurons and their processes, astrocytes, and perivascular cells (microglia, macrophages, mast cells, etc.). In arterioles and capillaries, the foot processes of astrocytes envelop the majority of the abluminal vascular surface. In capillaries, myocytes are replaced by pericytes. The function of the neurovascular unit is to maintain the homeostasis of the cerebral microenvironment. Thus, the neurovascular unit is involved in cerebral blood flow regulation, blood–brain barrier (BBB) exchange, immune surveillance, trophic support, and hemostatic balance. Cardiovascular risk factors and Aβ alter the structure and function of the neurovascular unit leading to neurovascular dysfunction