Conditions and reagents: (i) Na, MeOH, Cul, 1,4-dioxane, reflux; (ii) Acetamide, Cul, trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine, dioxane, reflux; (iii) CuCN, DMF, 140 °C; (iv) CO (1 atm), Pd(OAc)2,1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, Et3N, MeOH, DMSO, 65 °C. (v) vinyl or isopropenyboronic acid pinacol ester, Pd(PPh3)2CI2,1M Na2CO3/CH3CN, 120 °C, microwave; (vi) Pd/C, H2 (1 atm), MeOH, r.t.; (vii) iPrMgBr, tetramethylethylenediamine, THF, 15 °C, 20 min, then starting material, r.t., 25 min; (viii) B(OMe)3, 0 °C, then 0.1 N HCl; (ix) CH3CHO, 0 °C; (x) procedure ix followed by IBX, DMSO, r.t.; (xi) NaSMe, CuBr, DMF, 140 °C; (xii) mCPBA (1.5 eq.), CH2CI2, r.t.;