Cummings SR, Bauer DC, Black DM, Cawthon PM, Nevitt MC, Stone KL, Fullman R, Benard R, Blackwell T, Chau A, Christianson L, Concepcion L, Diehl J, Ewing S, Farrell M, Fox C, Hoffland S, Ireland J, Jaime-Chavez M, Kwan E, Harrison SL, Liu W, Lui LY, Mills A, Nusgarten L, Palermo L, Parimi N, Perreault L, Schneider J, Scott R, Tanaka D, Yeung C, Orwoll E, Phipps K, Marshall L, Babich Blank J, Lambert L, Nielson C, Wang Y, Petersen C, Powell M, Lewis CE, Shikany J, Johnson P, Webb N, Hardy K, Felder S, Wilkoff J, King J, Johnsey T, Young M, Atkins C, Collier C, Smith J, Sassaman C, Ensrud K, Fink H, Nelson N, Van Coevering P, Fillhouer S, Andrews R, Bowie C, Forseth M, Gran R, Imker-Witte F, Luthi S, Moen K, Muehlbauer N, Paudel M, Slindee M, Ziesche S, Stefanick M, Hoffman A, Kent K, Ellsworth N, Krauss A, Gupta R, Hartley S, Bowers M, Cauley J, Zmuda J, Danielson M, Harper L, Buck L, Nasim M, Cusick D, Gorecki M, Watson N, Bashada C, Newman C, Barrett-Connor E, Dam T, Carrion-Petersen ML, Miller P, Kamantigue N, Marksbury K, Stephens M, Torres Z.
Source
One Veterans Dr. (111J), Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA. slini001@umn.edu
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To test the hypothesis that lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels are associated with a greater likelihood of cognitive impairment and risk of cognitive decline.
METHODS:
We measured 25(OH)D and assessed cognitive function using the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) and Trail Making Test Part B (Trails B) in a cohort of 1,604 men enrolled in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study and followed them for an average of 4.6 years for changes in cognitive function.
RESULTS:
In a model adjusted for age, season, and site, men with lower 25(OH)D levels seemed to have a higher odds of cognitive impairment, but the test for trend did not reach significance (impairment by 3MS: odds ratio [OR] 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81-4.19 for quartile [Q] 1; 1.41, 0.61-3.28 for Q2; and 1.18, 0.50-2.81 for Q3, compared with Q4 [referent group; p trend = 0.12]; and impairment by Trails B: OR 1.66, 95% CI 0.98-2.82 for Q1; 0.96, 0.54-1.69 for Q2; and 1.30, 0.76-2.22 for Q3, compared with Q4 [p trend = 0.12]). Adjustment for age and education further attenuated the relationships. There was a trend for an independent association between lower 25(OH)D levels and odds of cognitive decline by 3MS performance (multivariable OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.89-2.23 for Q1; 1.28, 0.84-1.95 for Q2; and 1.06, 0.70-1.62 for Q3, compared with Q4 [p = 0.10]), but no association with cognitive decline by Trails B.
CONCLUSION:
We found little evidence of independent associations between lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and baseline global and executive cognitive function or incident cognitive decline.