(A) Strain in which males (squares) are more susceptible and have a higher increase of ACR over time compared to females (circles), and (B) the opposite effect, where females are more susceptible and have a higher increase of ACR over time compared to males.

Family-wise error rate (FWER) at alpha levels of 0.05 and 0.20 were estimated through permutation testing to identify significant and suggestive HAM peaks.

(A) Association data (-log₁₀ P-values calculated using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method, adjusting for gender and GoKinD sub-collection) from Type 1 diabetes patients with and without advanced diabetic nephropathy from the GoKinD collection are shown for 114 tag SNPs, including 14 genotyped (solid triangles) and 100 imputed (open triangles) SNPs, spanning the candidate gene interval on human chromosome 1p (position 71,537,304 to 72,570,865, dashed lines). The examined interval extends from the syntenic human chromosomal region (position 71,537,304 to 71,716,227) corresponding to the albuminuria-associated haplotype on mouse Chr 3 (position 156,918,173 to 157,022,996, shown in red) and spans 50 kb upstream of NEGR1’s transcription start site. rs6671557 is located at position 71,992,909 (IVS3+21,534 relative to NEGR1). The entire candidate chromosomal interval on human chromosome 1p maps to mouse Chr 3 (indicated in gray). (B) Association data for 368 tag SNPs (71 genotyped and 297 imputed SNPs) analyzed in the GoKinD collection are shown across the human chromosome 13q candidate gene interval (position 107,996,501 to 109,154,781). This interval includes the syntenic human chromosomal region (position 108,621,676 to 109,154,781), corresponding to the albuminuria-associated haplotype on mouse Chr 8 (position 10,596,101 to 10,950,911), and extends 50 kb upstream of the MYO16 gene. rs1411766 is located at position 109,050,161. The 2 nearest genes, MYO16 and IRS2, are located approximately 384 kb centromeric and 120 kb telomeric of rs1411766. The candidate chromosomal interval on human chromosome 13q solely maps to mouse Chr 8 (indicated in gray).

Bars represent the 95% confidence interval. Within the bars, black stripes indicate the peak marker of the QTL, and the number indicates the cross in which the QTL was found. The 5 significant GWAS loci found in the GoKinD collection are indicated in uppercase italic text with the name of the nearest gene. Two loci are concordant with HAM peaks, and one locus (FRMD3) is concordant with 3 QTL found in mouse crosses. QTL crosses: 1. (C57BL/6J x 129S6)F237, 2. (NZW x PL/J)F1 x NZB38, 3. (C57BL/6J x A/J)F28, 4. (C57BL/6J x DBA/2J)F27, 4. KK x (Balb/c x KK)F139, 6. (129S1 x C57BL/6J)F1 x 129S140, 7. (C57BL/6J x NZM)F1 x NZM28, 8. (FGS x C57BL/6J)F1 x FGS41, 9. BXD RI42.