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    Development. 2009 Nov;136(22):3699-714.

    The regulation of TGFbeta signal transduction.

    Source

    Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. aris.moustakas@licr.uu.se

    Abstract

    Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) pathways are implicated in metazoan development, adult homeostasis and disease. TGFbeta ligands signal via receptor serine/threonine kinases that phosphorylate, and activate, intracellular Smad effectors as well as other signaling proteins. Oligomeric Smad complexes associate with chromatin and regulate transcription, defining the biological response of a cell to TGFbeta family members. Signaling is modulated by negative-feedback regulation via inhibitory Smads. We review here the mechanisms of TGFbeta signal transduction in metazoans and emphasize events crucial for embryonic development.

    PMID:
    19855013
    [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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