The visual motion tests and results from the stroke patients and healthy controls. The left column of panels represents schematic views of the visual motion displays. (a) DDT; (c) local SDT; (e) MCT (translation); (g) MDT; (i) 2D-FFM; (k) MCT-radial. In all the tests, each dot is represented as a vector indicating the magnitude and direction of motion. The filled circles represent signal dots (moving in the same direction) and the open circles represent noise dots. The second column of panels (b, d, f, h, j, l) represents the behavioural results for each test for the control subjects and each group of patients. Each data point represents the group mean ± SD of the thresholds obtained for the particular test. The open circles indicate the contralesional visual field and the filled circles indicate the ipsilesional visual field. The ‘*’ symbols illustrate instances where the patients performed significantly worse than control subjects. As there was no statistically significant difference between performance in the right and left visual fields of the controls, the results were combined.

Motion activations in eight healthy controls and the lesion localization in the four groups of patients, together with superimposed Brodmann areas. Cortical activations in eight normal subjects, thresholded at z > 5, and the cortical areas involved in the lesions of the four patient groups are shown for four actively performed motion tasks, superimposed on the canonical MNI brain template. The two left columns (a1, b1, c1, d1, a2, b2, c2, d2), illustrate averaged statistical maps from the motion tests projected on the rendered views of a three-dimensional brain surface (left and right hemisphere, respectively). In the two right columns (a3, b3, c3, d3 and a4, b4, c4, d4), the same statistical maps are projected on the axial brain slices of the MNI brain, corresponding to Talairach coordinates of z = −4 and 40. (First row) DDT test: axial slices illustrate foci of significant activation in Brodmann areas 17–19, and in the left parietal and frontal lobes, Brodmann areas 40 and 6. (Second row) SDT test: slices show significant foci of activation bilaterally in Brodmann areas 17 and 18. (Third row) MDT test: slices show activations in Brodmann areas 17–19; occipital and temporal lobes bilaterally, Brodmann areas 19 and 37; parietal lobe bilaterally, Brodmann areas 7 and 40; frontal lobe bilaterally, Brodmann area 6. (Fourth row) 2D-FFM test: slices illustrate activations very similar to those found for the MDT test.

Averaged activation maps and per cent BOLD signal change for the motion psychophysical tasks. Activations related to the different motion tests are rendered on the lateral surface of the canonical MNI brain. First (a1, b1, c1, d1) and second (a2, b2, c2, d2) columns illustrate the left and right hemisphere activation, respectively, for the four motion tasks performed actively in the fMRI study (Blue: DDT; Red: SDT; Green: MDT; and Yellow: 2D-FFM). The cortical activity is shown for each test in a different colour, as illustrated by the colour of the z-score bar indicator. Outlined, keeping the colour convention, are shown the loci of activations produced by each of the tests. In the third column (a3, b3, c3, d3), the bar graphs show the per cent BOLD signal change as compared with baseline in the most significant motion responsive functionally defined areas in the occipital and parietal lobes. The black bars indicate per cent signal change in the right hemisphere, and the unfilled bars indicate per cent signal change in the left hemisphere. Error bars indicate standard deviations from the mean.