No one disputes the adverse effects of smoking. Pregnant women should not smoke, as study after study proves the serious damage done by exposure to tobacco. Understanding the deadly effects of secondhand smoke has led to legislation by countries and individual states in the United States. Around the world, countries including England, Ireland, Italy, France and Uruguay have banned smoking from all public places. In the United States, 26 states to date have adopted comprehensive clean air acts, including Nebraska, Iowa and Minnesota. At the time this article went to print, South Dakota's smoke-free legislation, which will ban smoking in all indoor public places except smoke shops, existing cigar bars and lodging rooms, was to take effect July 1, 2009.