(A). SU86 cells were transfected for 48 hr with indicated constructs. Cells were treated with DMSO or gemcitabine (Gem, 20 nM, 12 hrs), and the phosphorylation of Akt, FOXO and GSK-3β in cell lysates was detected by Western Blot. (B). SU86 cells were transfected with indicated siRNA. Cells were then treated and harvested as in (A). (C). The phosphorylation of Akt in cell lysates from FKBP51^+/+ or FKBP51^−/− cells was examined. (D). The coimmunoprecipitation of Akt, PHLPP and FKBP51 was examined. (E). 293T cells were transfected with indicated constructs, and the interaction between Akt and PHLPP was examined. (F). The PHLPP-Akt interaction was examined in FKBP51^+/+ and FKBP51^−/− cells. (G). Purified recombinant Akt, PHLPP1 and FKBP51 were incubated in vitro as indicated. The Akt-PHLPP interaction was then examined by coimmunoprecipitation. (H–I). SU86 cells were transfected with FLAG-FKBP51 and/or PHLPP siRNA as indicated. The phosphorylation of Akt, GSK-3β, as well as sensitivity to gemcitabine were then examined. Points, mean values for three independent experiments; Error bars, +/− SEM. (J). SU86 cells were transfected with HA-PHLPP and/or FKBP51 siRNA as indicated. The phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β was then examined.

(A). Cell lysates from pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines were blotted with FKBP51 antibodies. Lysates from normal breast (MCF10A) and pancreatic (HPDE6-E6E7c7) epithelial cells were used as controls. (B–C). Miapaca2, BxPC3 or Panc0403 cells were reconstituted with FKBP51, and Akt phosphorylation and sensitivity to genotoxic stress were then determined. Points, mean values for three independent experiments; Error bars, +/− SEM. (D, E). FKBP51 gene expression in tumor and normal pancreatic tissues was determined using microarray analysis (D, 19 normal pancreatic and 36 tumor tissue samples, p= 0.0092) or real-time QRT-PCR (E, 25 pancreatic cancer samples and 12 normal pancreatic tissues, p=0.001). Error bars, +/− SEM. (F). Western blot of lysates from a subset of tumor and normal tissues. T: Tumor; N: Normal pancreatic tissue; 1–8, patient No. (G). A model illustrates how FKBP51 regulates cell survival through the Akt pathway.

(A). SU86 cells were transfected with control or FKBP51 siRNA and then treated with the indicated drugs. Cell survival was determined as described in the Methods. (B). FKBP51^+/+ or FKBP51^−/− cells were treated with gemcitabine, and cell survival was determined as in (A). (C). SU86 cells were transfected with vector or constructs encoding FLAG-FKBP51. Transfected cells were treated with gemcitabine, and cell survival was determined as in (A). Points, mean values for three independent experiments; Error bars, +/− SEM.

(A). 293T cells or 293T cells stably transfected with FKBP51 were transfected with AKT isoforms (lane 1,2, AU1-AKT1; lane 3,4, HA-AKT2, lane5,6 HA-AKT3). Cells were lyzed, and lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with indicated antibodies. PHLPP1, PHLPP2 and AKT in the immunoprecipitates or cell lysates were detected by immunoblotting. (B). SU86 cells were transfected with control or FKBP51 siRNA together with AKT isoforms. The interaction between Akt isoforms and PHLPP isoforms was then examined as in A. (C). 293T cells were transfected with different S/FLAG-tagged FKBP51 truncated mutants. Lysates from transfected cells were subjected to immunoprecipitation with S protein agarose, PHLPP1 and Akt in the immunoprecipitates were then detected by immunoblotting. (D). 293T cells were transfected with WT FKBP51 or FKBP51 truncation mutations. Transfected cells were then lyzed, and lysates were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-Akt antibodies. PHLPP1 and Akt in the immunoprecipitates or cell lysates were detected by immunoblotting. (E–F). FKBP51^+/+, FKBP51^−/− or FKBP51^−/− MEFs stably expressing WT or mutant FKBP51 were used to examine Akt, GSK-3β and FOXO1 phosphorylation as well as the Akt-PHLPP interaction (E). cells were examined for gemcitabine sensitivity using the MTS assay (F). Points, mean values for three independent experiments; Error bars, +/− SEM.