Use of tracers to quantify subsurface flow through a mining pit

Ecol Appl. 2008 Dec;18(8 Suppl):A55-71. doi: 10.1890/06-0998.1.

Abstract

Three independent tracer experiments were conducted to quantify the through-flow of water from Herman Pit, an abandoned mercury (Hg) mine pit adjacent to Clear Lake, California, USA. The tracers used were Rhodamine-WT, sulfur hexafluoride, and a mixture of sulfur hexafluoride and neon-22. The tracers were injected into Herman Pit, a generally well-mixed water body of approximately 81,000 m2, and the concentrations were monitored in the mine pit, observation wells, and the lake for 2-3 months following each injection. The results for all three experiments showed that the tracer arrived at certain observation wells within days of injection. Comparing all the well data showed a highly heterogeneous response, with a small number of wells showing this near-instantaneous response and others taking months before the tracer was detectable. Tracer was also found in the lake on four occasions over a one-month period, too few to infer any pattern but sufficient to confirm the connection of the two water bodies. Using a simple mass balance model it was possible to determine the effective loss rate through advection for each of the tracers and with this to estimate the through-flow rate. The through-flow rate for all three experiments was approximately 630 L/s, at least 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than previous estimates, all of which had been based on geochemical inferences or other indirect measures of the pit through-flow.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • California
  • Ecosystem*
  • Fresh Water / chemistry*
  • Mercury / chemistry
  • Mercury / metabolism*
  • Mining*
  • Rhodamines / chemistry
  • Sulfur Hexafluoride / chemistry
  • Time Factors
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / chemistry
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical / metabolism*

Substances

  • Rhodamines
  • Water Pollutants, Chemical
  • Mercury
  • Sulfur Hexafluoride