Current targets of therapy for mucormycosis. As a result of recent translational research, strategies are available to attack 4 biochemical targets in Mucorales. These targets include (1) polyene binding to ergosterol in the cell membrane, resulting in creation of pores in the membrane; (2) posaconazole inhibition of cytochrome p450 14-α-demethylase, blocking synthesis of cell membrane-stabilizing ergosterol; (3) echinocandin inhibition of cross-linking of β-glucan in the fungal cell wall; and (4) deferasirox iron chelation therapy, blocking uptake of iron, which is essential for fungal growth. In addition, adjunctive therapy with host immune enhancing strategies, such as (5) granulocyte transfusions and (6) cytokine therapy, are possible. Granulocytes can damage the fungal cell and can be activated by recombinant cytokines, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Polymorphonuclear leukocytes also can be delivered to the site of infection in neutropenic hosts by granulocyte transfusions. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lipid formulations of amphotericin B act synergistically to damage hyphae of Rhizopus species.