Abstract

Many countries in the Middle East began renal transplantation in the late 1970s and the 1980s. In many countries transplantation has evolved through distinct stages of development, and at present living-related donors continue to be the main source of kidneys. Islamic opinion has been strongly in favour of transplantation of organs from both living and cadaveric donors. Brain death as a criterion of death was accepted by Islamic Jurists in 1986, and in Saudi Arabia about 35% of all transplants are from cadaveric donors. Some patients continue to go to neighbouring countries to buy kidneys for transplantation; there is evidence that this practice has resulted in unacceptable morbidity and mortality, and is currently associated with a risk of at least 1:18 of acquiring HIV infection. Extrarenal solid organ transplantation is very new, with heart transplants being performed in Turkey, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. Liver transplants have been initiated in Turkey and Kuwait. The favourable religious rulings and the resources available should enable transplantation to develop rapidly in the next few years in the Middle East and West Asia.