The amount of PGC-1β mRNA was determined by quantitative RT-PCR after 4 weeks of feeding with fructose and treatment with a control ASO, and an ASO against PGC-1β (PGC-1β ASO) in liver (A), epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) (B), brown adipose tissue (BAT) (E) and soleus muscle (F). PGC-1β protein levels in liver (C) and WAT (D). Two separate samples are shown for each group fraction. Data are means ± SE. Data are expressed as relative to expression in regular chow fed control ASO treated rats (n=7-9 rats per treatment group). ^#P < 0.05, ^#P < 0.01, ^#P < 0.001 versus regular chow fed control ASO treated rats. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus high-fructose fed control ASO treated rats.

Synthesis of fatty acids (A) and sterols (B) in rat hepatocytes. ^#P < 0.05 versus control ASO. (C) Hepatic triglyceride content. Data are means ± SE. (n=11-14 rats per treatment group) ^#P < 0.01 versus regular chow fed control ASO treated rats, *P < 0.05 versus high-fructose fed control ASO treated rats.

Total mRNA was isolated from fasted and fed liver and quantified using primers for SREBP-1c (A) and -1a (B). (C) Representative immnoblots of liver homogenates from liver in fed state. Two separate samples are shown for each group. (D) Total mRNA was isolated from fasted and fed liver and quantified using primers for key enzymes in fatty acid synthase (FAS). (E) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay of SREBP-1c gene promoter. After cross-linking chromatin DNA to the interacting proteins, specific immunoprecipitation with anti-SREBP-1 or anti-LXRα/β antibodies was performed as described in EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES. PCR products of the SREBP-1c promoter were analyzed after PCR amplification (33 cycles). The lower part of the figure shows verification of the quantitative aspect of the PCR amplification using serial dilutions of the input. (F) Liver gene expression of CYP7A1. Data are means ± SE. (n=7-9 rats per treatment group) Solid bars represent fasted values and striped bars represent fed values. ^#P < 0.05, ^#P < 0.01, ^#P < 0.001 versus regular chow fed control ASO treated rats. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus high-fructose fed control ASO treated rats.

Rate of basal (A) and clamp (B) endogenous glucose production. Hepatic total diacylglycerol obtained from basal (C) and clamp (D) liver. Representative Western blots showing basal (E) and clamp (F) membrane to cytosol fractions ratio for PKCε. The relative densities of the bands in the membrane fraction were compared with the cytosol fraction to derive a quantifiable measure of activation. (G) Basal Akt activity in liver. Data are means ± SE. (n=6-20 rats per treatment group) ^#P < 0.05 versus regular chow fed control ASO treated rats. *P < 0.05 versus high-fructose fed control ASO treated rats.

Liver gene expression of PPARα (A) and target enzymes in fatty acid oxidation (B). Liver gene expression of NRF-1 (C) and target enzymes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (E). mtDNA copy number is determined by real-time quantitative PCR using primers for mitochondrial encoded gene (ATP6) and nuclear encoded gene (β-actin) (D). mtDNA copy number is calculated as the ratio of ATP6 to β-actin. Data are means ± SE. (n=6-8 rats per treatment group) ^#P < 0.05, ^#P < 0.01, ^#P < 0.001 versus regular chow fed control ASO treated rats. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus high-fructose fed control ASO treated rats.

(A) Rate of insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose uptake. (B) Soleus ¹⁴C-2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake. (C) Brown adipose tissue (BAT) 2DG uptake. (D) Epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) 2DG uptake. Western blotting of extract from total tissue (E) and plasma membrane fraction (F) using the GLUT4-specific mouse monoclonal antibody (1F8). Two separate samples are shown for each group fraction. Data are means ± SE. (n=6-20 rats per treatment group) ^#P < 0.001 versus regular chow fed control ASO treated rats; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 versus high-fructose fed control ASO treated rats.