a–e, Line means for sleep phenotypes for males (blue bars) and females (pink bars), and sexual dimorphism (female – male) in sleep phenotypes (purple bars). Error bars are ± standard error of the mean. a, Night sleep. b, Day sleep. c, Waking activity. d, Night bout number. e, Day bout number. f, Genetic correlation (r_G) between night and day sleep time (P = 0.074). g, Genetic correlation between night bout number and day bout number (P = 0.962).

Mutations in bin3, CG17574, Tsp42Ef, and Akt1 are colour-coded blue, pink, green and yellow, respectively. Specific alleles tested are bin3^BG01137, bin3^BG01416, CG17574^BG02368, CG17574^BG00992, Tsp42Ef^BG00864, and Akt1^BG00351, and are listed in that order on the figure. a, Mean day (light shading) and night (dark shading) sleep times for males and females of P-element insertion mutations, expressed as deviations from the isogenic control line. b, Normalized transcript abundance for each P-element insertion line. The dashed line represents the isogenic control; bars indicate the transcript level relative to the isogenic control. *: 0.01 ≤ P < 0.05; **: 0.001 ≤ P < 0.01; ***: 0.0001 ≤ P < 0.001; ****: P < 0.0001; ns: P > 0.05.

a, P-values (log(1/P), y-axis) from association tests of Catsup polymorphisms (x-axis) and day bout number (teal), day sleep time (light purple), night bout number (blue), night sleep time (dark purple) and waking activity (gold). The black and red dotted lines depict the permutation test-derived P-value threshold (0.0412) and the Bonferroni threshold (0.0014), respectively. b, Schematic diagram of the Catsup protein showing the type and location of significant polymorphisms. Yellow indicates a non-synonymous change, green indicates a deleted region, and pink indicates a synonymous change.

a, Modules of correlated transcripts associated with day sleep (20 modules), night sleep (9 modules), day bout number (3 modules), night bout number (9 modules), and waking activity (5 modules). Each point represents the correlation between two genes. The colour scale bar indicates the value of the correlation. b, Network of correlated (|r| ≥ 0.7) transcripts for night sleep Module 6. The pink circle represents bin3, yellow circles represent genes whose connectivity with bin3 was verified by RT-PCR, and orange circles represent genes for which associations with both transcripts and SFPs are signficant. The blue circle identifies a gene implicated in a previous microarray study of sleeping flies17. c, Percentage of homologous genes (including orthologues and paralogues) across the 12 Drosophila species for night sleep time (dark purple), day sleep time (light purple), night bout number (blue), day bout number (teal) and waking activity (gold), compared to all D. melanogaster genes (black). Species are in order of evolutionary distance from D. melanogaster. d, Frequency distribution of ω for each sleep phenotype. Colours are the same as in (d). Night sleep (χ² = 21.9, P = 0.005), day sleep (χ² = 74.7, P <0.0001) and day bout number (χ² = 15.7, P = 0.047) had significantly different distributions from that of all genes.