Although much progress has been made toward understanding the role of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) in the regulation of male reproductive behaviors, the precise mechanisms responsible for its activation during mating are largely unclear. Several studies implicate glutamate in this response. However, not until recently was there direct evidence supporting this hypothesis. Results obtained using in vivo microdialysis showed that levels of glutamate increased in the MPOA during mating, particularly with ejaculation. Levels then decreased rapidly following ejaculation, during a period of sexual quiescence. The magnitude of this decrease correlated with time spent in quiescence. Additionally, central administration of glutamate uptake inhibitors increased levels of glutamate and facilitated behavior. Glutamate activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the MPOA is at least partly responsible for behavioral effects evoked by increase glutamate. This is evidenced by histological analysis of the MPOA, which shows that nearly all cells containing mating-induced Fos also contained NMDA receptors. Mating also increased phosphorylation of NMDA receptors, indicating receptor activation. Finally, bilateral microinjections of NMDA receptor antagonists inhibited copulation. This neurochemical, anatomical, and behavioral evidence points to a key role of preoptic glutamate in the regulation of sexual behavior in males. The implications of these findings are discussed.