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J Neuroendocrinol. 2009 Mar;21(4):377-86.

Mouse models for evaluating sex chromosome effects that cause sex differences in non-gonadal tissues.

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Department of Physiological Science and Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA. arnold@ucla.edu

Abstract

XX and XY cells have a different number of X and Y genes. These differences in their genomes cause sex differences in the functions of cells, both in the gonads and in non-gonadal tissues. This review discusses mouse models that have shed light on these direct genetic effects of sex chromosomes that cause sex differences in physiology. Because many sex differences in tissues are caused by different effects of male and female gonadal hormones, it is important to attempt to discriminate between direct genetic and hormonal effects. Numerous mouse models exist in which the number of X or Y genes is manipulated, aiming to observe the effects on phenotype. In two models, namely the four core genotypes model and SF1 knockout gonadless mice, it is possible to detect sex chromosome effects that are not explained by group differences in gonadal hormones. Moreover, mouse models are available to determine whether the sex chromosome effects are caused by X or Y genes.

PMID:: 19207816; [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID:: PMC2669494

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Related citations in PubMed

Review What does the "four core genotypes" mouse model tell us about sex differences in the brain and other tissues? [Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009]
Review What does the "four core genotypes" mouse model tell us about sex differences in the brain and other tissues?
Arnold AP, Chen X. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009 Jan; 30(1):1-9. Epub 2008 Nov 11.
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Cited by 10 PubMed Central articles

The number of x chromosomes causes sex differences in adiposity in mice. [PLoS Genet. 2012]
The number of x chromosomes causes sex differences in adiposity in mice.
Chen X, McClusky R, Chen J, Beaven SW, Tontonoz P, Arnold AP, Reue K. PLoS Genet. 2012 May; 8(5):e1002709. Epub 2012 May 10.
X chromosome dosage and the response to cerebral ischemia. [J Neurosci. 2011]
X chromosome dosage and the response to cerebral ischemia.
Turtzo LC, Siegel C, McCullough LD. J Neurosci. 2011 Sep 14; 31(37):13255-9.
Review Reframing sexual differentiation of the brain. [Nat Neurosci. 2011]
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