Loss of szy-20 activity suppresses centrosome duplication defects in zyg-1 and spd-2 mutants. (A–C) Centrosome duplication and bipolar spindle formation are restored in zyg-1(it25) szy-20(bs52) embryos. (A) Selected images from 4D-DIC recordings. Only the double mutant embryo progresses to the four-cell stage. (B) Two-cell stage embryos stained for microtubules (green), centrioles (SAS-4, red) and DNA (blue). (C) Selected images from recordings of embryos expressing GFP-SPD-2 and GFP-histone. Time (minutes) is relative to first metaphase. (D) One-cell embryos stained for microtubules (green), SAS-4 (red) and DNA (blue). The spd-2(or188) embryo has two centrioles and the spd-2(or188) szy-20(bs52) embryo four. Each image is a Z-projection. Insets are magnified 3-fold. Bar, 10 μm.

szy-20 encodes a novel conserved protein. (A) Schematic of wild-type and mutant forms of SZY-20. Due to a frame shift, the product of the szy-20(tm1997) allele is expected to contain a novel 36-amino acid extension (blue box). (B) Immunoblot of wild-type and szy-20(bs52) embryonic extracts probed for SZY-20 (red), and α-tubulin (green) as a loading control. (C–G) SZY-20 localizes to the centrosome. Embryos stained for microtubules (green), SZY-20 (αS20N, red) and DNA (blue): Wild-type embryos at (C) meiosis, (D) first metaphase, (E) first anaphase, (F) second interphase, and (H) a szy-20(RNAi) embryo at metaphase. (G) A metaphase embryo co-stained for SZY-20 (red) and GFP-SAS-4 (green). Boxes highlight centrosomes. Insets are magnified 3-fold. Bar, 10 μm.

Loss of SZY-20 activity enhances ZYG-1 localization at centrosomes. (A) a Z-projections of embryos at first metaphase stained for microtubules (green), ZYG-1 (red) and DNA (blue). ZYG-1 is detectable only at szy-20(bs52) centrosomes. Bar, 5 μm. (B) Fluorescence intensity measurements of centrosomal and cytoplasmic ZYG-1. Vertical bars indicate the standard deviation. (C) Quantitative immunoblot of ZYG-1. Relative loading volumes are indicated above lanes. Actin served as a loading control. (D) TEM of centrosomes at anaphase. In the large panels, a wild-type centriole pair (arrows) and the mother centriole (arrow) of a szy-20(bs52) centriole pair are shown. In the small panels, all mother (m) and daughter (d) centrioles are shown at higher magnification. Bars, 500 nm for lower and 100 nm for higher magnification images.

SZY-20 is required for cell division. szy-20(bs52) embryos stained for microtubules (green), centrosomes (red) and DNA (blue). (A) A one-cell embryo with four centrosomes stained for ZYG-1. (B) A two-cell embryo with detached centrosomes (arrows) stained for SPD-2. (C) A zygote with two sperm pronuclei and centrosomes (boxed) stained for SAS-4. Each image is Z-projection. Insets are magnified 3-fold. Bar, 10 μm.

SZY-20 limits the size and the microtubule-nucleating capacity of the centrosome. (A) Embryos at first metaphase stained for SPD-5 (red) and DNA (blue). (B) Fluorescence intensity measurements of centrosomal and cytoplasmic SPD-5. Vertical bars indicate the standard deviation. (C) Quantitative immunoblot of SPD-5. Relative loading volumes are indicated above lanes. Actin served as a loading control (D) Still images from recordings of embryos expressing GFP-SPD-2 and GFP-histone. Note that in the szy-20(bs52) embryo, more chromosomes are present due to polar body extrusion failure and that the metaphase spindle is shorter. Time (in seconds) is relative to metaphase. (E) Quantitative immunoblot of SPD-2. (F) Overexpression of wild-type FLAG-SZY-20 reduces GFP-SPD-2 fluorescence at centrosomes. (G, H) Embryos stained for microtubules (green), centrosomes (red) and DNA (blue). The levels of (G) γ-tubulin and (H) ZYG-9 are increased at szy-20(bs52) centrosomes compared to the wild type. (I, J) Time-lapse recordings of embryos expressing GFP-EBP-2. (I) A Z-projection of a single time point illustrates the presence of more GFP-EBP-2 at szy-20(bs52) centrosomes. (J) Time projections of a 10-second interval show the tracks of growing microtubules. During this period, more microtubules grow to reach the cortex (arrows) in the wild type than in the mutant. Boxes (6 μm²) indicate area used to measure GFP-EBP-2 fluorescence. Each image is a Z-projection. Insets are magnified 3-fold. Bar, 10 μm.

Centriole duplication factors regulate centrosome size. (A, B) Images from recordings of embryos expressing GFP-SPD-2 and GFP-histone. (A) Reducing zyg-1 activity restores normal centrosome size and function to szy-20(bs52) mutants. Note that the delay in pronuclear rotation observed in szy-20(bs52) is rescued by the zyg-1(it25) mutation. Time (seconds) is relative to first metaphase. (B) sas-6(RNAi) reduces centrosome size in both wild-type and szy-20(bs52) embryos. Shown are Z-projections at each time point. Insets are magnified 3-fold. Bar, 10 μm. (C) A molecular pathway for controlling centrosome size (Top). SZY-20 acts upstream and controls the centrosomal level of ZYG-1, which regulates both centrosome duplication and size. The centriole duplication factor SAS-6 also influences centrosome size. It is shown in parentheses in the `Centrosome Size' Pathway to indicate that its role here has not yet been firmly established. A depiction of the effects of SZY-20 on the centrosome (Bottom). In the wild type, SZY-20 (red) restricts the amount of ZYG-1 (green) at centrioles, thereby establishing the proper level of PCM (yellow) and microtubules (black lines). In szy-20 mutants, ZYG-1 levels at centrioles increase, leading to enhanced recruitment of PCM and the nucleation of more microtubules (on average these are shorter than those nucleated by wild-type centrosomes). Reducing ZYG-1 activity in szy-20 mutants restores normal levels of PCM and microtubule-nucleation.