Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Current standard care for treating NSCLC is surgical resection, when feasible, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in stages II and III. Neoadjuvant or induction chemotherapy may have several potential advantages compared with adjuvant chemotherapy and has been evaluated in randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials in NSCLC. This article reviews the data for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in NSCLC with a particular focus on regionally advanced disease (stage III) that is still amenable to surgical resection.