Circular representations of the genome of B. sphaericus C3-41. (A) Chromosome. (B) Plasmid pBsph. From the inside: circles 1 and 2, GC skew and G+C content (20-kb window with 5-kb step); circle 3, blue and green bars show positions of tRNA and rRNA, respectively, and black bars show positions of repeats; circles 4 and 5, CDSs on the − and + strands. Colors reflect functional categories of CDSs. Teal, chromatin structure and dynamics; blue, energy production and conversion; orange, cell cycle control, cell division, and chromosome partitioning; maroon, amino acid transport and metabolism; dark blue, nucleotide transport and metabolism; silver, carbohydrate transport and metabolism; dark green, coenzyme transport and metabolism; dark purple, lipid transport and metabolism; navy, translation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis; light brown, transcription; aqua, replication, recombination, and repair; green, cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis; fuchsia, cell motility; gray, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones; dark yellow, inorganic ion transport and metabolism; dark blue, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism; dark red, general function prediction only; dark gray, function unknown; lime, signal transduction mechanisms; yellow, intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport; olive, defense mechanisms; black, not classified by COG. The “0” coordinates marked on the outmost circles correspond to the putative replication origins, and the putative replication termination site is located near 2.9 Mb.

Plots of gene pairs based on genomic location. Each dot indicates a single protein plotted on the 5′ end of the coding region in the reference genome and the best match in the query genome. From the top down: comparison of B. sphaericus C3-41 and B. subtilis subsp. strain 168; comparison of B. sphaericus C3-41 and B. anthracis strain Ames; comparison of B. sphaericus C3-41 and T. tengcongensis MB4.

Venn diagram illustrating the number of putative proteins associated with each organism and the number shared between these organisms. Bsu, B. subtilis strain 168; Bac, Bacillus sp. strain NRRL B-14905; Bsp, B. sphaericus C3-41; n, total number of putative proteins encoded by the organism.

CDSs probably involved in N-acetylglucosamine metabolism. From left to right: (a) Bsph_2343, transcriptional regulator (GntR family); Bsph_2344-2346, ABC transporters; Bsph_2347, PTS system N-acetylglucosamine-specific EIIC component (NagE); Bsph_2348, N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase (NagA); Bsph_2349, hypothetical protein; Bsph_2350, glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase (NagB); Bsph_2351, HPr (PtsH); and Bsph_2352 (PtsI); and (b) Bsph_3892-Bsph_3894, PTS system EIIC/A/B components; Bsph_3895, hypothetical protein; Bsph_3896: HPr (PtsH); Bsph_3897, hypothetical protein; Bsph_3898, transcriptional regulator (GntR family); and Bsph_3899, similar to NagA but containing several frame shifts. The possible transcriptional regulators are indicated by gray arrows, ABC transporters by arrows with dots, CDSs involved in sugar PTS systems by hatched arrows, hypothetical proteins by open arrows, and key enzymes in N-acetylglucosamine metabolism by dark arrows.

Mosquitocidal toxin gene clusters and relationship with mobile genetic elements. (a) Gene cluster from Bsph_1068 to Bsph_1080. (b) Gene cluster from Bsph_2814 to Bsph_2825. Gray arrows, transposases; arrows with lattice, mosquitocidal toxins; dark arrows, possible transcriptional regulators; open arrows, hypothetical proteins. Insertion elements and terminal inverted-repeat sequences (IR) are marked in the figures. The region encoding the possible Mtx1 contains a frame shift. pseudo, pseudogene.

CDSs of the 35-kb duplicates in B. sphaericus C3-41 and comparisons of the transposase homologs downstream from the binary toxins in B. sphaericus strains C3-41, 1593, and 2297. The 35-kb duplicates presented both in the chromosome and in the large plasmid contain 21 CDSs. Binary toxin BinA and BinB, CDSs for phage integrase family protein, insertion elements, the GerXB-XA-XC operon, a putative peptide synthase, and a chitin-binding protein are indicated. Some other, hypothetical proteins are indicated by open arrows. The transposase homolog of B. sphaericus 2297 begins at a small CDS capable of encoding a peptide of only 14 amino acids, but the homolog continues in various reading frames for 1,110 nucleotides. In strains C3-41 and 1593, a 1,554-bp insertion is located at the end of the small CDS of strain 2297. Downstream of the initial CDS in strain 2297, there is a direct repeat (TAAAGAATATAA) separated by 25 bases within the disrupted transposase. This feature is maintained downstream of the inserted sequence in strains 1593 and C3-41. The two opposite-facing triangles represent the long, direct-repeat sequence at the 3′ end of the inserted sequence and the shorter, inverted-repeat sequence upstream of the 3′ end of the IS, respectively.