Metagenome sequencing presents an exciting new tool for assessing microbial diversity in complex, natural communities that cannot be cultured in the laboratory. Using metagenomics as a starting point, Bryant et al. (2007) have discovered a new thermophilic phototroph from a poorly characterized bacterial phylum with no previously known photosynthetic members, extending the range of photosynthesis into a new branch on the tree of life. This new organism, Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum, encompasses a mélange of traits distinct from known phototrophs.