Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, One Church Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. laura.grosso@yale.edu <laura.grosso@yale.edu>
PURPOSE: We sought to examine associations among measures of caffeine exposure, including maternal urine, umbilical cord blood, and maternal self report. METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited from 56 obstetric practices and 15 clinics associated with six hospitals in Connecticut and Massachusetts between September 1996 and January 2000; 3633 women were enrolled. Maternal urine throughout pregnancy and umbilical cord blood samples were analyzed for caffeine, paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine. Maternal caffeine intake was assessed throughout pregnancy. RESULTS: Urinary and cord blood biomarkers were correlated with reported intake throughout pregnancy (range r = 0.35-0.66; p < 0.0001). Infants of smokers had greater cord blood concentrations of paraxanthine, reflecting faster caffeine metabolism in smokers, and cord blood paraxanthine levels were more strongly correlated with intake in smokers. CONCLUSION: Maternal self reported intake may still be the optimal and most valid measure of antenatal caffeine exposure, since biomarkers do not reflect exposure over pregnancy.