Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer follows an aggressive course, and it is often resistant to traditional regimens of pharmacological prophylaxis and treatment. Anticoagulant-related bleeding is also common and can complicate VTE treatment as well as cancer therapy. Consequently, the most effective approach to reducing the burden of VTE and its associated morbidity and mortality is to provide appropriate prophylaxis. Few clinical trials have focused on the prevention of VTE in this high-risk patient population, and they consistently demonstrate the efficacy and safety of anticoagulant prophylaxis in reducing thrombotic complications. Currently, low-molecular-weight heparins and oral vitamin K antagonists are the most commonly used anticoagulants for primary prevention in patients with cancer, but compliance with consensus guidelines is poor. Novel anticoagulants with a convenient and favorable risk/benefit profile may help to improve prophylaxis utilization and treatment. This review will provide a summary of the evidence on the primary prevention of VTE in patients with cancer.