A tree indicating assumed evolutionary relationships among the sequences in the 28-way alignment. Branch lengths are proportional to average number of substitutions per site. Species not previously available in our whole-genome alignments are indicated with an asterisk. Filled circles indicate named clades, such as amniotes and eutherians, that are mentioned in the text. A tree labeled with branch lengths is given in the Supplemental material.

A 6-bp deletion near the start of PRNP. Species in the 28-way alignment lacking data for this region are not shown. This alignment can be seen in the current (hg18) UCSC Genome Browser at chr20:4,627,867–4,627,880. See Supplemental Figure S2 for an amino acid alignment of the deletion involving many more species.

Number of inferred coding indels and number per million years on the placental branches leading to human. Estimated time elapsed on each branch is taken from Murphy et al. (2007).

Extreme conservation of the region around the 3-bp insertion in human SULF1. The symbol “-” indicates that there is no base in the aligning species that aligns to this location. Placement of the gap at the first human E results from tie-breaking rules in the alignment software. The second gap in the lizard sequence was positioned using nucleotide content of codons. hg18.chr8:70,698,769–70,698,840.

The 6-bp insertion in the human GFM2 gene, showing the location of a 6-bp interval that is absent in some people. The symbol “-” indicates that there is no base in the aligning species that aligns to this location, and “=” indicates that at this location in the aligning species there is a sequence of bases of such different length and/or sequence composition that it cannot be reliably aligned. Sequence for this interval is currently not available for shrew or tenrec. chr5:74,057,590–74,057,630.

A segment of the gene for PAH, showing positions of some deletions that may be associated with the disease PKU. The CTT deletion (shown in reverse orientation) removes an amino acid whose column has six distinct letters and in that sense is not well conserved. The nucleotide symbol “N” represents an unsequenced base, and “=” indicates that at this location in the aligning species there is a sequence of bases of such different length and/or sequence composition that it cannot be reliably aligned. The two conservation tracks indicate that the deleted position is not well conserved among all vertebrates, but is fairly well conserved within mammals. chr12:101,761,637–101,761,687.

Phylogenetic extent of the alignment of functional features. (A) The distributions of alignment scores per column for the subset of intervals in each feature set (coding exons, UCEs, putative transcriptional regulatory regions, and PRPs) and the background human genome (nonrepetitive, noncoding) that align with each comparison species. For these box plots, the center line of each box is the median, the box extends from the 25th to 75th percentiles, and the feathers extend to 1.5 times the interquartile distance. The boxes are colored by feature set according to the legend along the top. (B) Barplots showing the fraction of intervals with >50% alignability for each feature set and for the background. (C) Decay of mean alignability as a function of phylogenetic distance. The mean alignabilities of the background human genome and intervals in each feature set are plotted against the distance from human to each comparison species. The distance is measured as the total substitutions per 4D site on each of the branches connecting human to the comparison species. The common name for each comparison species is given below the barplots in B and is connected to the phylogenetic distance in C by dotted lines. The data are best fit by two decay curves, one for primates with a slow rate of change and the other for horse to medaka. The curves shown are the fits to the data points from horse to medaka. (Statistics and coefficients for these fits are in Supplemental Table S4.)