In 2006, the risk of developing bladder tumour remains an important aspect of the management and surveillance of spinal cord injury patients. Based on a review of the literature, the authors show that these patients present a particularly high risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder Risk factors remain controversial, but the duration of neurogenic bladder and the voiding mode appear to be the main risk factors. The authors discuss the optimal diagnostic modalities in this setting and the particular case of bladder augmentation.