A, female mosquitoes; B, salivary glands; C, midguts; D, malpighian tubules and ovaries. Peak 1, ΔDi-0S; peak 2, ΔDi-4S. Other conditions were as described under “Experimental Procedures.”

A, female mosquitoes; B, salivary glands; C, midguts; D, malpighian tubules and ovaries. Peak 1, ΔUA-GlcNAc; peak 2, ΔUA-GlcNS; peak 3, ΔUA-GlcNAc6S; peak 4, ΔUA-GlcNS6S; peak 5, ΔUA2S-GlcNS; peak 6, ΔUA2S-GlcNS6S. Other conditions were as described under “Experimental Procedures.”

A, unsulfated disaccharide sequence prominent in heparan sulfate. B, fully sulfated disaccharide sequence prominent in heparin. C, structural variants of glucuronic acid containing disaccharide sequences found in heparan sulfate and heparin (X = SO₃⁻, H). D, structural variants of iduronic acid containing disaccharide sequences found in heparan sulfate and heparin (X = SO₃⁻, H; Z = SO₃⁻, COCH₃, H). E, proposed apoE and CSP binding domain.

Shown are sensorgrams at heparan sulfate (solid lines) concentrations of (beginning from the bottom solid curve) 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 μ_M. The start of injection begins at 0 s and ends at 180 s (the arrow indicates stop of injection). The dashed curve represents interaction between CSP and 10 μ_M porcine liver HS.

A, sporozoites are injected during blood feeding by infected anophelene mosquitoes, go to the liver, and invade hepatocytes, where they divide, rupture from the hepatocyte, and enter erythrocytes. The released merozoites invade erythrocytes, mature, divide, rupture from the cell, and enter new erythrocytes. The asexual erythrocytic cycle gives rise to the clinical symptoms associated with malaria. Some merozoites differentiate to gametocytes, which are infective for mosquitoes. This image is reprinted with permission from Ref. 51. B, mosquitoes become infected with Plasmodium when they ingest gametocytes (1) during blood feeding. In the midgut (MG) of the mosquito, these cells differentiate (2), fertilization occurs, and the resultant zygote differentiates into an ookinete (3), which traverses the midgut wall (4) and comes to rest extracellularly between the basal lamina and the midgut (5). The ookinete then differentiates into an oocyst, and sporozoites develop (6), and when mature, they emerge into the hemocoel (HC) of the mosquito and invade salivary glands (SG) (7). When the mosquito takes another blood meal, these salivary gland sporozoites are injected into the mammalian host (8), thus continuing the cycle. This image is reprinted with permission from Ref. 52.