Analysis of the sialic acid-binding capacity of different CHO cell lines by a sheep red blood cell binding assay. (A) Parental CHO cells (black bars), CHO cells expressing pSn (CHO-pSn) (gray bars), or CHO cells expressing a pSn with a mutation in the sialic acid-binding domain (CHO-pSn^RE) (white bars) were treated with different concentrations of neuraminidase and incubated with sheep red blood cells. Data are means ± standard deviations from three experiments. (B) Microscopic images of the cells described above.

Quantification of PRRSV internalization in CHO and PK-15 cells. The number of internalized PRRSV particles was analyzed by confocal microscopy of parental cell lines (black bars), cells expressing pSn (gray bars), and cells expressing pSn^RE (white bars). Data are means ± standard deviations from three experiments.

Analysis of porcine Sn expression in CHO cells expressing pSn (CHO-pSn) and CHO cells expressing a pSn with a mutation in the sialic acid-binding domain (CHO-pSn^RE) by flow cytometric analysis (surface expression) (A) and Western blotting (total expression levels) (B). Histograms and Western blots are representative of three independent experiments.

Confocal microscopic analysis of PRRSV attachment and internalization in CHO cells. PRRSV is stained green, cortical actin is stained red, and the overlay shows a superposition of the two images. Staining of the cortical actin, which lies just beneath the plasma membrane, allows discrimination of bound and internalized virus particles. The number of internalized PRRSV particles was analyzed with parental CHO cells, with CHO-pSn cells, which express recombinant porcine Sn, and with CHO-pSn^RE cells, which express a mutant porcine Sn that lacks sialic acid-binding activity. Each image represents one confocal z-section through the middle of the cell.