Direct versus module-assisted approaches for functional annotation. The scheme shows a network in which the functions of some proteins are known (top), where each function is indicated by a different color. Unannotated proteins are in white. In the direct methods (left), these proteins are assigned a color that is unusually prevalent among their neighbors. The direction of the edges indicates the influence of the annotated proteins on the unannotated ones. In the module-assisted methods (right), modules are first identified based on their density. Then, within each module, unannotated proteins are assigned a function that is unusually prevalent in the module. In both methods, proteins may be assigned with several functions.

Integration of multiple data sources using the SAMBA framework. In the SAMBA framework (Tanay et al, 2004), different gene characteristics are represented by properties (A). Quantitative characteristics, such as gene expression levels, are discretized first. The genes and the properties are represented by nodes in a bipartite graph (B), where edges connect genes with the properties they have. The SAMBA algorithm seeks modules consisting of a subset of genes and a subset of properties, such that these subsets are densely connected in the graph.

Extent of annotation of proteins in model species. For each species, the charts give the fractions and numbers of annotated and unannotated proteins, according to the three ontologies of the GO annotation. The numbers are based on the Entrez Gene and the WormBase databases as of September 2006.

Correlation between protein functional distance and network distance. X-axis: distance in the network. Y-axis: average functional similarity of protein pairs that lie at the specified distance. The functional similarity of two proteins is measured using the semantic similarity of their GO categories (Lord et al, 2003).

Performance comparison of a direct method versus a module-assisted one. Two receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves comparing the accuracy of a neighborhood-counting method (Schwikowski et al, 2000) and of the MCODE method (Bader and Hogue, 2003) in predicting GO Biological Process annotations using a PPI network obtained from BioGRID (Stark et al, 2006). A ROC curve is commonly used to assess prediction performance by plotting the true positive rate versus the false positive rate when varying the prediction threshold. In the neighborhood-counting variant used here, a protein is assigned with a function if the hypergeometric enrichment P-value for the function in the protein's direct neighborhood is below a certain threshold. MCODE clusters were obtained using the Cytoscape plug-in with the ‘node score cutoff' parameter set to 0.05 and the other parameters at their default values. Using MCODE, we predict a function for a protein if that function's P-value in the protein's module is below a certain threshold. Each ROC curve was obtained by varying the threshold. Only proteins assigned to at least one MCODE cluster were used in the analysis for both methods.