We examined the behavioral characteristics and physiological states related to solitary lifestyle and dominant-subordinate relationships in female rat-like hamsters (Tscheskia triton), formerly known as Cricetulus triton. Wild adult hamsters were captured and caged singly in the laboratory during the non-breeding and breeding seasons. The experimental hamsters were subjected to 5 min staged dyadic encounters every day for 28 consecutive days by pairing two unfamiliar and weight matched females in a neutral arena. Aggressive behavior, defense and flank marking were quantified everyday within the first week and once each week during the last 3 weeks. Animals were then autopsied and their physiological and reproductive state assessed. Our results suggested that dominant-subordinate relationships could be established especially in non-breeding conditions, where the dominant displayed higher aggression and flank marking, and lower defense than its opponent. The breeding females followed this pattern except there was no difference in aggressive behavior, between the partners. The repeated encounters did not appear to reduce aggression or lead to amiable behavior or bonding. At the end of the experiment breeding females exhibited higher levels of serum estradiol, progesterone and corticosterone than non-breeding females. Both dominant and subordinate females in non-breeding condition had atrophied ovaries and uteri, whereas both dominant and subordinate females in breeding condition had hypertrophied ovaries and uteri. Non-breeding females possessed heavier and thicker flank glands than breeding females did. Dominant females displayed longer or thicker flank glands than subordinate did. Thus, our data suggest that the behavioral traits observed in our experiment support the solitary lifestyle of adult female rat-like hamsters and physiological state show some differences between social ranks or in both seasons.